Effects of antimicrobial peptide GH12 on the morphology and composition of cariogenic three-species biofilm / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To evaluate the effects of antimicrobial peptide GH12 designed @*METHODS@#The cariogenic three-species biofilm consis-ted of the cariogenic @*RESULTS@#The biomass and density of the cariogenic three-species biofilm treated with GH12 decreased compared with those of the control. The number of @*CONCLUSIONS@#GH12 can reduce the number of

Effectiveness and Safety of Acupoint Application of Guan Xin Su He Pill () for Patients with Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris: A Multi-Center, Randomized Controlled Trial / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To assess the clinical effectiveness of acupoint application (AP) of Guan Xin Su He Pill (, GXSHP) for patients with chronic stable angina pectoris (CSAP).@*METHODS@#This study was carried out in 3 local hospitals in Chengdu, China. After baseline evaluation, eligible patients were randomly assigned to the placebo application for acupoints (PAA) group or the herbal application for acupoints (HAA) group. Patients in the HAA group underwent AP with herbal powder, which was mainly GXSHP, and patients in the PAA group underwent AP with sham drugs. For each treatment session, unilateral acupoints including Neiguan (PC 6), Danzhong (RN 17), Xinshu (BL 15) and Jueyinshu (BL 14), were stimulated for both groups. AP was performed 3 times a week with a 2-day interval for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the frequency of angina pectoris attacks per week, while the secondary outcomes included angina pain intensity measured by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), dose of rescue oral drugs (nitroglycerin), scores on the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale scores (SAS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale scores (SDS). Clinical outcomes were measured at week 0, 4 and 8. The safety of AP of GXSHP treatment for CSAP were assessed.@*RESULTS@#A total of 121 patients were enrolled. Baseline characteristics were comparable across the 2 groups. After treatment, the angina attack numbers in the HAA group were significantly reduced from 11.00 to 4.81 (P<0.05). While, for PAA group, the angina frequency was not significantly improved (baseline 10.55; post-treatment 11.05). The HAA group had significantly fewer angina attacks than the PAA group (P<0.05). Pain intensity measured by VAS in HAA group was significantly reduced from 4.06 to 3.02 (P<0.05). While, for PAA group, the VAS was significantly increased (baseline 3.62; post-treatment 3.96; P<0.05). Clinical outcomes showed better improvement after treatment in the HAA group than in the PAA group in terms of oral administration of rescue drugs, SAS, SDS and SAQ scores (P<0.05). The adverse events were also reported.@*CONCLUSION@#AP of GXSHP is a safe and effective treatment for CSAP patients (Registration No. NCT02029118).

Comparison of posterior capsule folds following intracapsular implantation of three types of intraocular lenses with different haptic design / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

·AIM: To compare the incidence of posterior capsule folds among different types of intraocular lens (IOL) to determine risk factors of posterior capsule folds. ·METHODS:It was a retrospective study. We collected the cases in which the patients underwent phacoemulsification (PHACO) and IOL implantation and at least one of the three types of IOL was implanted, including 2 - haptic 3 - piece IOLs (HOYA PY60AD), 4-haptic 1-piece IOLs (Bausch &Lomb AO),2-haptic 1-piece IOLs (AMO Tecnis ZCB00). The posterior capsule folds were measured using slit lamp microscope 2d after the surgery. Information of patient's age, gender, length of ocular axis, intraocular pressure, types of IOL were recorded. Posterior capsule fold risk indicators were identified by using logistic regression analysis. ·RESULTS: One hundred eighty-seven patients (242 eyes) had been collected, including 80 eyes implanted with HOYA PY60AD IOLs, 81 eyes implanted with Bausch&Lomb AO IOLs, 81 eyes implanted with AMO Tecnis ZCB00 IOLs. The incidence of posterior capsule folds of patients implanted with HOYA PY60AD IOLs was significantly higher than those of patients implanted with AMO Tecnis ZCB00 IOLs(56.3% vs 38.3%, P=0.027). While the incidence of patients implanted with Bausch &Lomb AO IOLs was significantly lower than those of patients implanted with AMO Tecnis ZCB00 IOLs(14.8% vs 38.3%, P= 0.001). Multi-factor logistics regression analysis demonstrated that independent risk factors were type of IOLs and length of ocular axis. Compared with AMO Tecnis ZCB00 IOLs, using HOYA PY60AD IOLs increased the risk of posterior capsule folds[P=0.020,OR (95% CI)= 2. 145 ( 1. 129, 4. 073 )], while using Bausch &Lomb AO IOLs reduced the risk [P=0.001, OR (95% CI)= 0. 274 (0.127, 0. 591)]. Shorter ocular axis might increase the risk of posterior capsule folds [P =0.012,OR (95% CI)=0.669(0.489,0.915)].·CONCLUSION: Haptic design should be an important consideration in IOL design. Compared with AMO Tecnis ZCB00 IOLs, using HOYA PY60AD IOLs is more likely to lead to posterior capsule folds formation, while using Bausch & Lomb AO IOLs is less likely to lead the formation. The posterior capsule folds are more engendered in eyes with shorter ocular axis.

Colonization and development of intestinal bifidobacteria in early infancy / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the characteristics of the colonization of 8 species of bifidobacteria by systematically profiling fecal bifidobacterial community in the early life of infants.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fresh fecal samples including meconium samples were collected for culture and isolation of fecal bifidobacteria from 16 cases of full-term newborn infants born between March and April 2013 at their life of 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 28, and 90 days. The isolated fecal bifidobacteria were taxonomically identified to genus and 8 species with PCR analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>One hundred and fifty-two predominant bifidobacteria strains were detected in the fecal samples, the detection rate of B. breve (22.4%) were the highest. Bifidobacteria were found in the feces of 8% infants 4 days after birth. The colonization rates increased to 54% and 60% at 28 days and 3 months respectively, significantly exceeding the colonization rate at 4 days after birth (P<0.05). Adult-type bifidobacteria B. catenulatum were found in the infants 10 days after birth, and infant-type bifidobacteria B. infantis were found at 14 days after birth, but infant-type bifidobacteria B. infantis were detected at a high level until 3 months after birth. The most tested infants had 2 species or less of bifidobacteria.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Intestinal bifidobacteria in infants might have less diversity in early infancy. Infant-type bifidobacteria appear late, while adult-type bifidobacteria colonize earlier.</p>

The innovation of cultivation system of stomatological talents / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The rapid development of stomatology is improving the standard of talent quality and skills gradually,so the innovation of cultivation patterns of the stomatology students is imperative.West China College of Stomatology in Sichuan University is practicing the innovation of cultivation system of stomatological talents by establishing the new teaching and learning plan,adjusting the course system,strengthening the teaching materials construction,and adjusting the evaluation index and so on.The goal of the innovation of cultivation patterns is to foster the stomatological talents which have profound cultural atmosphere,the solid professional knowledge,strong innovative consciousness,and broad international vision.

Comparison of the enhanced remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions treated with original and neutral Galla chinensis in vitro / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the effect of original and neutral Galla chinensis in promoting the remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions in vitro and to investigate the influence of Galla chinensis with different pH on the promoting effect.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Bovine sound enamel slabs were demineralized to produce initial carious lesion in vitro. Then the lesions were exposed to a pH-cycling regime for 12 days. Each daily cycle included 4 × 1 min application of one of four treatments: distilled and deionized water (DDW), aqueous solutions of NaF, acidic or neutral aqueous solutions of Galla chinensis extract (GCE). Before and after pH-cycling, the surface topography of the enamel slabs was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the integrated mineral loss and lesion depth of all the specimens were analysed by transverse microradiography.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>AFM images revealed the surface topographical changes of GCE-treated enamel. The percentage change of integrated mineral loss (ΔIML%) of the samples of NaF group, DDW group, pH 3.8 GCE group and pH 7.0 GCE group was (-38 ± 14)%, (+43 ± 7)%, (-10 ± 4)% and (-11 ± 4)% respectively. The percentage of lesion depth (ΔLD%) of the samples of NaF group, DDW group, pH 3.8 GCE group and pH 7.0 GCE group was (-27.79 ± 3.51)%, (+21.13 ± 2.83)%, (-8.43 ± 3.32)% and (-9.20 ± 3.89)% respectively. There was no significant difference in ΔIML% and ΔLD% between pH 3.8 and pH 7.0 GCE-treated enamel.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There is no significant difference in enhancement of remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions between the original and neutral Galla chinensis. Different pH Galla chinensis does not have obvious influence on remineralization. It is unnecessary to regulate the pH value of queous solution of Galla chinensis extract which acts as a anti-caries agent.</p>

Expression and purification of different segments from HCoV-NL63 nucleocapsid protein and their application in detection of antibodies / 病毒学报

Prokaryotic expression plasmids carrying N-terminal(1-163aa) and C-terminal(141-306aa) gene of HCoV-NL63 nucleocapsid protein were constructed with pET-30a(+) vector. Consequently, we prepared two purified proteins, Np and Cp, respectively, and established a Western blotting-based line assay (WBLA) for detection of antibodies against HCoV-NL63 using three purified proteins: Np , Cp and Nf, a full-length HCoV-NL63 nucleocapsid protein as previously reported. We detected anti-HCoV-NL63 antibodies among 50 sera samples collected from adult for health-examination by WBLA. The results showed that: 25 (50%), 27 (54%), 36 (72%) of 50 sera were indentified as anti-HCoV-NL63 antibody positive when the antigen was from Nf, Np and Cp, respectively. Among these sera with positive anti-HCoV-NL63 antibody,Cp showed highest antibody positive rate in WBLA,and consistent rates of detection were 64% between Nf and Np, 54% between Nf and Cp, 54% between Np and Cp. Our study provides the foundation for development of HCoV-NL63 serological detection reagents and an experimental tool for immunological research of HCoV-NL63 infection.

Consecutive five-year follow-up analysis of specific IgG antibody of 22 cases of SARS patients after recovery / 病毒学报

To study IgG antibody persistence and temporal change in SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infected patients, 22 patients recovered from SARS in Beijing were recruited and followed-up from 2004 to 2008, serum samples from patients were collected every year. We checked and analyzed the SARS-CoV IgG antibody (Ab) for five consecutive years using the commercial ELISA test kit. The results showed that: all of the serum were SARS-IgG antibody-positive the first year after recovery, the titer of most serum remained at high levels at the 2ed and 3rd year post infection. The Ab titers significantly declined at 4th year post infection. The IgG Ab was almost undetectable after 5 years post infection. In conclusion, SARS-CoV IgG Ab can be maintained for more than 3 years post infection, however, the titer of IgG Ab has declined markedly 4 years later. These data provide a useful reference for diagnosis and control of SARS infection, the evaluation of immune response and vaccine efficacy.

HBV DNA vaccination with electroporation enhances significantly the specific cell-mediated immune response in mice against HBV protein vaccine consisting of S-PreS1 fusion particles / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To rational design HBV therapeutic vaccine candidate and evaluate their specific immunity to HBV in mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Based on our previous data of HBV protein vaccine consisting of S-PreS1 fusion particle. We first construct a novel DNA vaccine candidate, pVRC-HBSS1, which consisting of S (aa: 1-223) and PreS1 (aa: 21-47) fuse gene,then confirm the expression of the DNA vaccine by Western blotting, and followed by vaccination using prime boost strategy, ie, Intradermal injection of DNA vaccine with gene electroporation (EP) in BALB/c mice after twice injection of different HBSS1 protein vaccines (combination with different adjuvants). The immune response was measured by ELISA and IFN-gamma ELISPOT.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The novel DNA vaccine candidate could effectively express in vitro, boost with single intradermal injection of HBV DNA vaccine via EP can significantly enhance the surface antigen (S)-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-gamma ELISpot analysis) and PreS1-specific antibody levels, especially in the group primed with protein vaccine in combination with alum adjuvant.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Boost with the novel HBV DNA vaccine followed prime with HBV protein vaccine could induced a higher anti-HBV T cell response in mice than vaccination with the HBSS1 particle-like protein vaccine only. This prime-boost vaccination may serve as a promising way to develop and optimize the novel HBV therapeutic vaccine.</p>

Development of serological detection assays for human coronavirus HKU1 infection and its application / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To express the nuclear capsid protein (N protein) and the spike protein (S protein) of HCoV-HKU1, and to develop the corresponding serum assay for antibody detection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The N protein of HCoV-HKU1 was expressed in E. Coli, anti-N antibody assay was established using Western Blotting with turn-based membrane. HCoV-HKU1 S protein was constructed in the eukaryotic expression plasmids, and confirmed by Western Blotting, S antibody assay was established using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). We analyzed anti-S and anti-N antibody among 100 normal adult serum.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Expression of S and N protein were confirmed; 100 normal adult serum were analyzed using the established serological detection assay, in which HCoV-HKU1 S antibody positive rate was 47%, N antibody positive rate was 48%, Both S and N antibodies positive were 21%, Both S and N antibodies negative were 22%. Co-detection S and N antibody was achieved 74% positive rate.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The methods we established here could be used for serological analysis of HCoV-HKU1. Either detection of HCoV-HKU1 S or N antibodies achieved good results. Higher positive detection rate of anti-S or anti-N antibody was found in the normal adults.</p>

Intervention trial on HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with men based on venues and peer network / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine feasibility and effectiveness of the intervention on HIV/AIDS among MSM based on venues and peer network.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The intervention trial was conducted in Mianyang and Yibin in Sichuan province, where the cultural and social environment were similar. These two cities have no HIV/AIDS intervention conducted yet before this study. The intervention was conducted in Mianyang, while Yibin was regarded as control, in which education materials related HIV/AIDS and VCT service were available. Intervention in Mianyang included MSM venue intervention distributing the education materials, condom and promoting HIV-test and STIs clinic referral by 40 MSM as Popular Opinion Leaders who received the knowledge and intervention skill training.Meanwhile, Popular Opinion Leader intervention was implemented in MSM peer network to advocate safe sex. After 6-month intervention the survey was conducted to assess the effectiveness of intervention.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The scores of knowledge related HIV/STDs and self-efficacy of condom use was 1.293 (95%CI: 0.657 - 1.292, P < 0.05) and 1.556 (95%CI: 0.656 - 2.456, P < 0.05) higher in post-intervention than in pre-intervention which was (12.42 +/- 0.232) and (10.25 +/- 0.327) respectively in Mianyang, while no significant changing in Yibin during the time. Score of knowledge related HIV/STDs increase 0.577 (95%CI: -0.173 - 1.327, P > 0.05) in post-intervention compared with (10.40 +/- 0.412) in pre-intervention and score of self-efficacy of condom use decreased 0.362 from 9.86 +/- 0.547 in pre-intervention (95%CI: -1.458 - 0.534, P > 0.05). In the six months prior to survey, the rate of unprotected sexual intercourse with male casual sexual partners in last 3 times decreased to 11.0% (22/200) (OR(adjusted) = 0.472, 95%CI: 0.265 - 0.841, P < 0.05) from 19.5% (39/200) baseline in Manyang, while in Yibin that increased to 19.0% (38/200) from 17.5% (35/200) in baseline (OR(adjusted) = 1.153, 95%CI: 0.660 - 2.014, P > 0.05). The rate of HIV-test increased significantly from 9.0% (18/200) to 22.0% (44/200) (OR = 2.852, 95%CI: 1.583 - 5.138, P < 0.05) in intervention city and Accordingly in the control, that was 24.5% (29/200) in baseline and 24.0% (28/200) in post-intervention (OR = 0.960, 95%CI: 0.548 - 1.682, P > 0.05). No difference was found in number of male sexual partner pre- and post-intervention both in intervention and control city.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The intervention based on MSM venues and peer network among MSM is feasible and can increase knowledge related HIV/STDs and self-efficacy and as well as condom use and HIV testing.</p>

Characterization of human coronavirus 229E infection among patients with respiratory symptom in Beijing, Oct-Dec, 2007 / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To know the etiology, prevalence, clinical symptoms associated with the infection of the HCoV-229E in the respiratory specimens sampled from adult patients in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>158 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from adult patients with fever in Beijing between October and December, 2007. We performed the screening of HCoV-229E by real-time RT-PCR and sequencing of HCoV-229E gene fragments derived from conventional PCR. At meantime, we also screened the HCoV-229E positive samples for the co-infection with HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1 and HMPV by real-time RT-PCR. Finally, demographic and clinical data associated with HCoV-229E infection were examined retrospectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>We detected 103 (62.5%) of 158 specimens were positive for HCoV-229E by real-time RT-PCR. When tested for other respiratory viruses, 26 HCoV-229E positive patients were found to be co-infected with other viruses. Of which HCoV-NL63 was observed in 3 specimens (11.5%), HCoV-HKU1 in 3 (11.5%) and HMPV in 20 (76.9%). The main clinical manifestations were noted as: headache (in 70.9%), sore throat (69%), chills (68%), cough (33%), sputum (21.3%), rhinorrhea (21.4%), nasal obstruction (16.5%), and a few of patients were visible as vomiting (6.8%), dyspnea (3.9%), diarrhea (in 1.9%). The rate of HCoV-229E infection in adult patients was found no relative with age and gender.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our data showed that HCoV-229E is a common and important pathogen in adult patients with acute respiratory symptoms but usually resulted in milder influenza-like illnesses. There might have a local outbreak of HCoV-229E infection in Beijing, Oct-Dec, 2007.</p>

Sharing of needles and paraphernalia injection in new and long-term injection drug users in Sichuan, China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To examine the prevalence and correlates for needle-sharing among new and long-term injection drug users (IDUs) in Sichuan province, China. Methods Three consecutive cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 6 prefectures of Sichuan province, from 2003 to 2005.Questionnaire-based interviews provided information including socio-demographics, drug-use, sexual behaviors, and HIV-related services. Multivariable logistic regression methodology was used for data analysis. Results Of 3852 eligible participants, the rates of needle-sharing in the last 6 months for IDUs with a less than one year, one to three year, and more than three year injection history were 19.9%,29.1%, and 36.3%, respectively. Needle-sharing for IDUs with a less than one-year injection history was independently associated with factors as: being female, having minority background, higher frequency of injection, sharing injecting equipments, ever having had a non-regular sex partner, or a regular sex partner who injected drugs, never had a test on HIV, being recruited in 2005, and from Zigong prefectm'es of Sichuan. Needle-sharing for IDUs with a 1-3 year injection history were independently associated with receiving less education, having higher frequency of injecting behavior, sharing injecting equipments,ever having had a non-regular sex partner/a regular sex partner who injected drugs, ever having had unprotected sex with a non-regular sex partner, ever having had unprotected sex with a commercial sex partner or client, never attended skill training for HIV/STD prevention, being recruited in 2005 and 2004,and being recruited from Deyang, Zigong, and Liangshan prefectures. Needle-sharing for IDUs with a more than three-year injection history was independently associated with factors as: less education, higher frequency of injecting, sharing injecting equipment, ever had a non-regular sex partner, ever had unprotected sex with a non-regular sex partner, ever had unprotected sex with a commercial sex partner or client, having had regular sex partners who inject drugs, never attended needle exchange programs, being recruited in 2005 and 2004, and being recruited from Deyang, Zigong, and Liangshan prefectures. Conclusion The rates for both needle/paraphernalia sharing and unprotected sex behaviors were high in the IDUs in Sichuan province. These rates were higher among longer-term IDUs than in new IDUs. Our data underlined that better targeted, in-depth and sustained comprehensive intervention packages which including needle exchange, condom promotion along with distribution, and education, were urgently needed to reduce both IDU-related and sex-related risk behaviors among both new and longer term IDUs.

Clinical evaluation of composite inlays in defective molars / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate clinical effect of composite inlays in the defective molars.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 200 defective molars from 163 patients were divided into two groups, including 100 molars of each. One group was restored with the direct composite inlays and another group with the traditional composite fillings. All the restorations were evaluated in oral cavity after 6-month and 5-year filling or insertion with United States public health service criterions. The data were analyzed using SPSS 11.0 software with the chi-square test. The significance level was set at 5%.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In clinical service for 6 months, the successful rate of composite inlays was 91.8% (90/98) and the corresponding figure for traditional composite fillings was 91.8% (89/97), but there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). In clinical service for 5 years, the successful rate of composite inlay was 87.9% (80/91), the corresponding figure for the traditional composite fillings being 67.4% (60/89) and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In clinical, the defective molars can be well restored with the direct composite inlays. Especially in the long-term clinical service, the composite inlays show significant superiority over the traditional composite fillings.</p>

Development and comparison of real-time and conventional RT-PCR assay for detection of human coronavirus NL63 and HKU1 / 病毒学报

We designed specific primers and fluorescence-labeled probes to develop real-time and conventional RT-PCR assays for detection of human coronavirus NL63 or HKU1. Subsequently, experiments were undertaken to assess diagnostic criteria such as specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility. The detection limit of the real-time RT-PCR assays was 10 RNA copies per reaction mixture. No cross-reactivity was observed between RNA samples derived from designed HCoV and other HCoV or human metapneumovirus. A total of 158 nasopharyngeal swab specimens collected from adult patients with acute respiratory tract infection in Beijing were screened for the presence of human coronavirus NL63 and HKU1 by using real-time RT-PCR and conventional RT-PCR method. The fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR method detected six specimens positive for human coronavirus NL63, five specimens positive for human coronavirus HKU1; and conventional RT-PCR method detected three HCoV-NL63 positive and three HCoV-HKU1 positive, respectively. The convention RT-PCR products of positive samples were obtained and sequence analysis confirmed the reliability of the above methods. In summary, the real-time RT-PCR assay for HCoV- NL63 or HKU1 was more sensitive than conventional RT-PCR and with less time (less than 4 hours) for completion. It may be suitable for molecular epidemiological surveillance and clinical diagnosis for human coronavirus NL63 and HKU1.

Study on AIDS related risk behaviors and the correlated factors among three groups of population in Sichuan province / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To provide the basis for AIDS intervention, the study on the relationship between AIDS related risk behaviors and the related factors was carried out among prostitutes, injection drug users and long-distance truck drivers.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Questionnaire investigation and statistical analysis as chi(2) test, F test, logistic regression were adopted to analysis the relationship between AIDS related risk behaviors and the correlated factors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Knowledge about AIDS seemed to be related to their level of understanding the problem (in commercial sex workers r = 0.307, P = 0.000, in injection drug users F = 93.07, P = 0.000, in truck man F = 30.06, P = 0.000). Condom use when entertaining their clients last time was related to the knowledge of HIV transmission in commercial sex workers and truck drivers (OR = 1.171, 1.145) and knowledge of HIV prevention (OR = 1.081, 1.397), in drug users regarding gender difference (OR = 2.121).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This study addressed that the effective means to reduce the rate of AIDS risk behaviors and to lessen the harm of AIDS are to improve the knowledge of AIDS and the effective methods to prevent AIDS in the high risk population.</p>